TF and infection: Dysregulation of iron metabolism, either deficiency or overload, can lead to systemic damage.[7] Iron deficiency reduces hemoglobin synthesis and impairs immune function.[8,9] Conversely, iron overload saturates transferrin, leading to non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) that generates reactive oxygen species through Fenton reactions, causing lipid peroxidation, cellular damage, immune dysfunction, and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress-related diseases and infections.[10–12]