TNF and cancer: The synbiotic FCT (fermented milk with L. gasseri 505 and C. tricuspidata) has demonstrated concurrent upregulation of MUC2, TFF3, and tight junction proteins (occludin, ZO-1), along with significant downregulation of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS/COX-2 in colitis-associated cancer models.