TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Immune and inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin-18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and CCL2 (MCP-1) have been associated with disease activity and rate of progression, emphasizing the contribution of neuroinflammation to ALS pathogenesis (Arru et al., 2021; Gille et al., 2019; Masrori et al., 2022).