TGFB1 and leukemia: Second, leukemia cells remodel the microenvironment by releasing immunosuppressive factors (e.g., TGF-β, adenosine): the TGF-β induces the release of interleukin-10 (IL-10) after the expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg), and the TGF-β factor inhibits proliferation of effector T cells (Teff) (Nishikawa and Koyama, 2021).