However, within the tumor microenvironment—especially in lung cancer—TNF-α can stimulate tumor cells to produce anti-apoptotic proteins (e.g., c-FLIP and Bcl-2 family members), promote the release of inflammation-associated factors, drive epithelial- EMT, and bolster the characteristics of tumor stem cells via pathways such as NF-κB. Here, NFKB1 is linked to neoplasm.