TGF-β can directly inhibit the activation and functionality of effector immune cells, including CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and macrophages; promote the differentiation, expansion, and functional stability of Treg cells; and induce EMT in tumor cells, thereby enhancing their invasive properties, metastatic potential, stem cell-like characteristics, and resistance to therapy (84–86). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.