TGFB1 and cholangiocarcinoma: Recent mechanistic work shows fibroblast-derived factors (e.g., lysyl oxidase, LOX) boost oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and stemness in CCA cells, while comprehensive reviews catalog CAF heterogeneity and its immunosuppressive crosstalk (e.g., TGF-β–driven programs) (28, 29).