TLR4 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Jiang et al. (10) demonstrated that ligustrazine alleviated ALI by suppressing the TLR4/TRAF6/NF-kB/NLRP3/caspase-1 and TLR4/caspase-8/caspase-3 pathways, thereby reversing macrophage polarization and reducing both pyroptosis and apoptosis.