TNF-α inhibitor (adalimumab) — refractory uveitis (approved, VISUAL trials) (101)(A); IL-6R blockade (tocilizumab) — macular edema/inflammation (clinical/phase) (81)(A); IL-17 inhibition (mixed outcomes) (28)(A); Treg/Breg tolerance protocols (preclinical) (102, 103)(A). Here, TNF is linked to macular retinal edema.