TNF and infection: Differential expression analysis revealed profound transcriptional alterations in four CD4+ T cell subsets (Naïve, Th1, Th17, TFH) during HIV-mono infection, characterized by widespread upregulation of genes linked to immune activation and inflammation, including CD38, HLA-DR, IFNG, TNF, CXCL10, and STAT1 (Figures 3A, D, Supplementary Figures S4A, Supplementary Figures S5A).