ITGB1 and coinfection: In parallel, ADGRE5-ALCAM-related co-stimulatory and adhesion interactions showed pair-specific dynamics: CD6-ALCAM and ITGAV-ITGB1-ADGRE5 were most prominent in the HIV-mono group and diminished with Mtb co-infection, whereas CD55-ADGRE5 did not display a comparable monotonic trend.