Notably, cytoplasmic viral components can also activate the non-canonical inflammasome pathway, engaging caspase-4/5 in humans (caspase-11 in mice), which cleaves GSDMD independently of NLRP3, triggering further epithelial barrier disruption and exacerbating viral-induced asthma flare-ups (22). This evidence concerns the gene CASP4 and asthma.