In both NASH patients and murine models, SPP1+ -high Macrophages show an inverse correlation with pro-inflammatory genes such as CCL2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and TNF-α, and are associated with lower steatosis scores, suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective role for these hepatic Macrophages populations (87). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.