CD274 and neoplasm: mbined treatment with Clostridium butyricum and Akkermansia muciniphilasignificantly reduced inflammatory infiltration of macrophages and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, modulated anti-tumor immune responses, and suppressed CRC development. Additionally, it enhanced the sensitivity of mice to ICIs (anti-PD-L1), improved the anti-tumor efficacy of immunotherapy, and markedly prolonged survival in mice.