PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Responders exhibited decreased abundance of Odoribacter and Gordonibacter before and after treatment, along with increased abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto. In contrast, non-responders showed elevated abundance of Prevotella and reduced abundance of Akkermansia after treatment. The study suggests that dynamic changes in gut microbiota may serve as a non-invasive biomarker to predict response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy in NSCLC, providing a theoretical basis for larger prospective studies.