SPP1 and neoplasm: Among the various findings, the enrichment of Macro_SPP1 in metastatic lesions holds the most clinical significance.Macro_SPP1 secretes chemokines such as CCL3L1,CCL4,and CCL3,which effectively recruit immune cells like T cells and eosinophils.CX3CR1 facilitates the precise localization and monitoring of tumor tissue by these macrophages (40).