SPP1 and neoplasm: Macrophages and EC5 exhibit enrichment of eight receptor-ligand pairs, including FN1_integrin,VEGFA_NRP1,ADM_RAMP3,COL6A2_integrin_α1β1_complex,VEGFA_FLT1,VEGFA_KDR,CCL2_ACKR1,SPP1_integrin_α9β1_complex, SEMA4A_PLXND.Within the tumor microenvironment, the activation of PPARG on EC may modulate their metabolic state and function, potentially influencing vascular permeability and the tumor’s nutrient supply.