INS and Insulin resistance: Maternal weight gain increases insulin resistance and alters hormones regulating placental nutrient transporters, leading to increased fetal insulin release, growth, and weight gain in the last trimester.16 Regarding the GWG, a mean of 12.7 (SD ± 2.0) kg GWG was observed, which corroborates other studies.17,18 The study shows a clear separation of GWG patterns between the obese group and the other two groups, particularly after 24 weeks, when the obese group diverged significantly and gained more weight on average.