While similar multifunctional strategies have been reported: for example, PD-L1-targeted dual-imaging probes (Liu et al., 2023) and TAT peptide-based MHT platforms (Fang et al., 2021), our u-I-FVIOs represent the first targeted nanomedicine to combine dual-mode imaging with MHT for pancreatic cancer. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and pancreatic neoplasm.