In LPS-induced ALI, luteolin (100 mg/kg, i.p.)inhibited phosphorylation of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), limited infiltration of CD68+ macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells, and modulated cytokine levels by decreasing IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α while increasing IL-10 (Cao et al., 2025). Here, TNF is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.