ESR1 and specific granule deficiency: Ren and Jinli (2017) illustrated the effectiveness of SGD in alleviating clinical symptoms and reducing inflammatory markers among patients with dysmenorrhea. Previous studies conducted by our research group revealed that SGD can interfere with the survival of EESCs by inhibiting the Ras signaling pathway and disrupting Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling through estrogen receptor-mediated blockade, thereby affecting the progression of AM and symptom alleviation (Guan Y. et al., 2014).