High-calorie diets and sedentary lifestyles that promote a high FMR create a systemic milieu that concurrently exacerbates oxidative stress, impairs renal-protective SCFA signaling, and dysregulates pro-fibrotic pathways such as TGF-β/Smad, thereby accelerating the progression of diabetic kidney disease through multiple interconnected mechanisms (30). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and diabetic kidney disease.