NPPB and diabetes mellitus: Compared to participants with higher CALLY index scores, those with lower scores were generally older, had a higher prevalence of chronic comorbidities (CHD, diabetes, stroke, and hypertension), were more likely to be male and smokers, and exhibited higher levels of CRP, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, monocyte count, AST, BUN, Cr, UA, FPG, NT-proBNP, alongside lower levels of RBC and lymphocyte count (Table 1).