Given the importance of axon-guided migration in GBM, we included inhibitors of Ephrin receptors (ALW-II-41–27 for EphA2, NVP-BHG712 for EphB4, and Ehp-inhibitor-1), and the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis (motixafortide), known to regulate directed migration in the hypoxic tumour core in immunotherapy47,48. Here, CXCL12 is linked to glioblastoma.