TNF and neoplasm: Flow cytometry analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes further showed a stepwise increase in activated T cells (CD3+CD69+), cytokine-producing cytotoxic T cells (CD3+TNF-α+/IFN-γ+), and CD3+PD-1+ T cells across treatment groups (anti-PD-L1 < CAR-M < combination), a trend that correlated well with the observed therapeutic efficacy and survival outcomes (Fig. S12H).