Differential gene expression analysis revealed that CAR-M exhibited marked upregulation of inflammatory response-related genes (e.g., Irf1, Irf7, Ddx58), antigen processing/presentation genes (H2-T24, H2-T23, Tapbp, Psme1), and chemokines (Cxcl10, Ccl5, Cx3cl1), alongside downregulation of M2 polarization markers (Klf4, Vegfa, SPP1) and tumor-promoting genes (Tgif1/2) compared to GFP-M (Fig. 3A). Here, SPP1 is linked to neoplasm.