To validate these results, spatial proteomics was performed for 17 markers (CD38, CD3ε, CD4, CD8, CD44, CD79A, CD163, FOXP3, GZMB, IDO1, IFN-γ, Ki-67, PD-1, PD-L1, pan-cytokeratin, TCF-1, and TIGIT) with breast cancer samples exhibiting strong and weak inflammation (Fig. 10c, d). Here, CD163 is linked to breast carcinoma.