To test whether the abovementioned histone acetylation homeodynamics also regulate the balance between pro-apoptotic proteins (PAPs)/mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins (MPAPs) and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs)/mitochondrial inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (MIAPs) in mammals, we performed qPCR and CUT&Tag to identify genes directly regulated by CtBP, HDAC3, CREBBP, and KAT5 in A549 lung cancer cells (Supplementary Fig. 12a). Here, CTBP1 is linked to lung cancer.