IL1B and Alzheimer disease: Acting through major pathways such as NFκB, p38 MAPK, Akt/mTOR, caspase, nitric oxide, and COX, these genes drive the activation of microglia and astrocytes, promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β, which further exacerbate neurodegeneration in AD [51–53].