ACE and kidney disorder: ACE inhibitors (lisinopril, enalapril, perindopril, ramipril) mediated nephropathy-myocardial infarction associations (Izzo Jr and Weir 2011), suggesting class-wide effects despite ACEs’ widespread use in nephropathy (Bhandari et al. 2022) and reported myocardial infarction risks (Na Takuathung et al. 2022).