A more advanced approachused a two-compartment model: a 3D printed calcium phosphate cement(CPC) scaffold seeded with MSCs, differentiated to osteoblasts toreplicate the endosteal niche, and a Matrigel containing endothelialand MSCs to emulate the perivascular niche was integrated into theCPC scaffold, enabling cell interaction and migration between compartments.This system supports CD138+ primary myeloma cell proliferationand serves as a model for myeloma pathophysiology, although its applicationfor HSC culture has not been evaluated. Here, SDC1 is linked to plasma cell myeloma.