RCTs: randomized controlled trials; SGLT: sodium-glucose cotransporter; HHF: hospitalization for heart failure; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; Int: intervention; Ctrl: control; HF: heart failure; Hosp.: hospitalization; RoB: risk of bias; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CV: cardiovascular; CKD: chronic kidney disease; RAS: renin–angiotensin system; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. The gene discussed is REN; the disease is atherosclerosis.