IGF1 and posterior cortical atrophy: In high-grade and castration-resistant PCa, enrichment of SCFA-producing taxa, like Rikenellaceae, Alistipes, Lachnospira, Ruminococcus, Phascolarctobacterium, correlates with upregulation of IGF-1, which is increased after gut dysbiosis and activates MAPK and PI3K pathways, driving proliferation and survival (18, 33, 84).