VCL and cancer: The majority of the differentially expressed genes that were down-regulated were involved in the positive regulation of the BMP signaling pathway, receptor clustering, proton motive force driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis, G protein coupled receptor complex, vinculin binding, and extracellular matrix structural elements that provide compression resistance, mRNA 5’ UTR binding, transcription coactivator and corepressor binding, choline metabolism in cancer, leukocyte transendothelial migration, apelin signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, phospholipase D signaling pathway (Figure 3d).