By binding to receptors such as CD44 and integrins, SPP1 activates key signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Slug/Snail, MAPK/NF-κB, and Ras/Raf/ERK, thereby promoting tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, adhesion, and EMT. Here, SNAI2 is linked to neoplasm.