INS and Insulin resistance: Among these are several proteins with key roles in preventing T2D, including carboxypeptidase D (CPD) with potential role in proinsulin processing (166, 167), arsenite-stimulated ATPase (ASNA1) which participates in insulin secretion (168, 169), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) whose soluble form is elevated in plasma of T2D and is associated with insulin resistance (170), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP3K4), MAP3K5 (ASK1), and sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 (ATP1A1), each of which harbors SNPs associated with T2D (171–173).