Interestingly, unlike mitochondrial ALDH2, the expression of two cytoplasmic ALDH1 isoforms (ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3) is increased in β-cells in T2D and this upregulation is associated with β-cell de-differentiation (105–108), suggesting they have additional roles beyond detoxifying RLAs. The gene discussed is ALDH2; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.