TNF and neoplasm: It has been demonstrated that tumor cells release inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α), chemokines (CCL2, CCL5, CCL15, CCL26), and growth factors (TGFβ), which ultimately recruit BMDCs such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and create a favorable niche for tumor development (59, 60).