Cancer: In early-stage solid tumors, TGF-β1 suppresses tumor growth, whereas in advanced disease, as TGF-β1 accumulate in the tumor microenvironment (TME), it promotes tumor progression and metastasis by inhibiting anti-tumor immunity—effectively inducing immune privilege within the tumor microenvironment (TME) (91). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.