EPO and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4: To date, the management of renal anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has primarily focused on correcting erythropoietin (EPO) deficiency and iron dysregulation; However, emerging evidence from preclinical and clinical studies highlights that many of these standard therapies also exert beneficial effects by modulating eryptosis—an often-overlooked contributor to shortened RBC lifespan in CKD.