EPO and chronic kidney disease: Vitamin E, a lipid-soluble antioxidant, localizes to erythrocyte membranes, scavenges lipid peroxyl radicals, and maintains membrane fluidity and integrity, which mitigates ROS-induced membrane damage and Ca2+ permeation; clinical studies in CKD patients show vitamin E supplementation reduces erythrocyte lipid peroxidation and enhances deformability, complementing EPO therapy to alleviate renal anemia (Gökkuşu and Mostafazadeh, 2003; Kobayashi et al., 2003; Galli et al., 2022).