COX-2 is elevated in many types of malignancies (Tołoczko-Iwaniuk et al., 2019), and it has long been found to promote tumor development by modulating malignant transformation, aberrant proliferation, inhibition of programmed apoptosis, tumor angiogenesis, aggressiveness and metastasis, and immune responses (Hashemi Goradel et al., 2019; Trifan and Hla, 2003). Here, PTGS2 is linked to neoplasm.