PDCD1 and neoplasm: In addition, Pan et al. also found that celecoxib derivatives (2,5-dimethylcelecoxib) can inhibit the expression of programmed cell death protein-1 by regulating the tumor microenvironment and upregulate the expression of NK and T cells, providing a reference for combined immunotherapy,but this derivative is independent of the COX-2 signaling pathway (Pan et al., 2023).