PTGS2 and colorectal cancer: Moreover, diclofenac is a non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug but has a strong affinity for COX-2, and its anticancer efficacy observed in studies in colorectal cancer and melanoma is related not only to COX-2 inhibition, but also to the induction of oxidative stress and the regulation of oncogenic signaling pathways (Yilmaz et al., 2021; Qin et al., 2025).