Immunohistochemical results showed that the expression intensity of ALDH1A1 was significantly decreased in the PAM + ANL group (Figures 4N,O), suggesting that the combination therapy can downregulate the expression of ALDH1A1, a core marker of CSCs, by inhibiting the Nrf2-mediated glutathione metabolic pathway, thereby suppressing tumor stemness.3.7. This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and neoplasm.