CXCL12 and lung carcinoma: Panneerselvam et al. further explored the SDF-1/CXCR4 cascade and found that interleukin-24 (IL-24) can inhibit CXCR4 signaling, destabilizing CXCR4 mRNA and reducing downstream AKT, mTOR, and HIF-1α activation, suggesting that IL-24 in combination with CXCR4 antagonists enhances anti-metastatic effects in lung cancer (Panneerselvam et al., 2015).