CXCR4 and lung carcinoma: In contrast to standard epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-TKIs and chemotherapy, which mainly inhibit primary tumor growth, CXCR4 inhibitors exclusively prevent metastatic seeding, escape from the immune system, and therapeutic resistance, which should be crucially incorporated into current lung cancer treatment regimens (Otsuka, 2011; Alqudah et al., 2025).