Jiang et al demonstrated that exosomal fractions derived from the MB49 bladder carcinoma cell line are internalized by macrophages and subsequently induce polarization toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype via the downregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression and concurrent activation of protein kinase B/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/6 (AKT/STAT3/6) signaling cascades[183]. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and urinary bladder carcinoma.