INS and Hyperglycemia: The study emphasizes that specific PKC isozymes, triggered by lipid metabolites and hyperglycemia, contribute to vascular abnormalities such as fibrosis, dysfunction of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), monocyte activation, cytokine imbalance, excessive extracellular ROS production, and impaired vascular insulin signaling that contribute significantly to DM associated vascular dysfunction [48].