INS and Hyperglycemia: It involves several complex mechanisms that contribute to hyperglycemia, the most significant of which include impaired insulin production by β-cells, increased production of glucagon through pancreatic α-cells, development of resistance of muscles and fat tissues to insulin activities, progression of cerebral neurotransmitter dysfunction, elevated hepatic glucose production, and increased lipolysis, as well as renal glucose reabsorption (Fig. 1) [7].