SPAM1 and breast carcinoma: Previous studies have reported that DNMT1 cooperates with PAS1 and PH20 to promote breast cancer growth and metastasis [74], and DNMT1-mediated hypermethylation of the FOXO3a promoter downregulates its expression, enhancing stemness and accelerating tumor progression through inhibition of the FOXM1/SOX2 pathway [75].