INS and diabetes mellitus: Emerging evidence suggests that bioactive compounds derived from natural sources—such as E. prolifera oligosaccharide, Ficus species, genipin, gingerol, mulberry, myricitrin, quercetin, resveratrol, and saffron—offer promising benefits for glycemic control and the mitigation of diabetes-related complications through diverse mechanisms, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing effects (Table 3).