Furthermore, genipin demonstrated protective effects against diabetic retinopathy and vision loss induced by STZ, high sugar, and HFD feeding; treatment (10 mg/kg/day for 3 months) decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression and suppressed inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β (Sun et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and diabetic retinopathy.