For example, mulberry leaf extract has been shown to reduce postprandial glucose and insulin levels by approximately 40% in normoglycemic young adults (Thondre et al., 2021), while a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials—including participants with metabolic syndrome, often younger adults—demonstrated that saffron intake modestly reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c (Zhang et al., 2025). This evidence concerns the gene INS and metabolic syndrome.