Additionally, Fucoidan boosted cisplatin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, which involves upregulating apoptotic markers such as caspase-3, -8, -9, and PARP cleavage, leading to a stronger combined inhibitory effect on oral cancer cell survival (Yang et al., 2023). Here, AKT1 is linked to lip and oral cavity carcinoma.