GCG and Insulin resistance: In details, many species in Lactobacillus can help ameliorate insulin resistance by increasing glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), lipid phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), energy sensor adenosine monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK), and blood glucose hormone glucagon synthesis expressions; and provide potential anti-diabetic effect 16, 42.