Bifidobacterium longum helps combat obesity and T2D by these enhanced glucose and lipid metabolisms, appetite and energy balance mechanisms, as well as the SCFAs acetate and butyrate productions that impact the tight intestinal cell junction, suppress systemic inflammation that could contribute to insulin, and restore gut microbial homeostasis such as Akkermansia, in replace of enteric pathobionts such as Enterobacteriaceae 45, 46. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.