Our findings indicate that intestinal bacteria Alistipes and Ligilactobacillus, along with genes Mapk3, Ptgs2, and Igf1r, as well as the PI3K-Akt and TNF signaling pathways, are more closely associated with the therapeutic effects of WEPT in COPD (Figure 8C). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.