Several clinical studies have confirmed that probiotics and synbiotic supplements improve insulin resistance and serum insulin levels in patients with PCOS [83], reduce HOMA-IR, fasting blood glucose, and blood lipid levels, and lower total testosterone; synbiotics show more pronounced effects than probiotics or prebiotics alone (Shamasbi et al., 2020; Martinez Guevara et al., 2024). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is polycystic ovary syndrome.