H. pylori infection promotes M1 macrophage polarization and gastric inflammation by activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via TNF/TNFR1 axis (283)Exopolysaccharide54 could effectively alleviate the gastritis in the H. pylori-infected mice by down-regulating the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α in gastric cell (284)TNF-alpha is involved in pathogenesis of gastritis induced by Helicobacter felis infection as IFN-gamma (285). Here, TNF is linked to gastritis.