At least eight distinct up-regulated microRNAs in lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis targeted DNMT1 directly or indirectly, collectively enforcing global or locus-specific hypomethylation of genes such as CD70, ITGAL, or IL13 (18, 42, 43, 45, 49, 62, 69, 74). This evidence concerns the gene IL13 and systemic lupus erythematosus.