EPO and anemia (phenotype): Standard treatments for CKD–related anemia include (1) recombinant human EPO or longer‐acting derivatives such as darbepoetin alfa (hereafter “darbepoetin”) or methoxy polyethylene glycol–epoetin beta, collectively termed erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs); and (2) intravenous or oral iron supplementation to accommodate reduced intestinal iron absorption and increased iron sequestration [7, 9, 10].