GFAP and delirium: Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100β protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL-1), and neurofilament light chain (NFL) increase significantly in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients experiencing delirium 24–72 h post-surgery, with average increases of 40–120% above baseline levels compared to non-delirious surgical patients [122,123].