This further highlights the potential of HIIT as a versatile intervention for improving various physiological functions, including body composition, VO2max, endothelial function, muscle strength, functional movement and motor functions, exercise capacity, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, pain, QoL, depression, LVEF, glycemic control and insulin resistance, lipid profile and blood glucose, post-stroke rehabilitation, fall prevention, liver fat content, preoperative fitness, cognitive, psychological and mental health, executive functions and quality of sleep. Here, INS is linked to depressive disorder.