High-intensity interval training has been reported to improve numerous physiological functions and outcomes, including improved body composition, VO2max, endothelial function, muscle strength, functional movement and motor functions, exercise capacity, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, pain, QoL, depression, LVEF, glycemic control and insulin resistance, lipid profile and blood glucose, post-stroke rehabilitation, fall prevention, liver fat content, preoperative fitness, cognitive, psychological and mental health, executive functions, and quality of sleep. Here, INS is linked to depressive symptom measurement.