SPDEF and prostate carcinoma: Notably, the isoflavone tectorigenin effectively corrects the aberrant expression of several essential gene products involved in prostate cancer, including pleiotropic transcription factor (PDEF), prostate specific antigen (PSA), insulin like growth factor-1(IGF-1) receptor mRNA, and hTERT mRNA, and in vitro studies have shown that telomerase activity is down-regulated, while TIMP-3 mRNA is up-regulated.