AR and prostate carcinoma: Additionally, Thelen et al. reported that Belamcanda chinensis extracts, as phytoestrogens, exhibit chemopreventive properties in prostate cancer by decreasing the expression of the androgen receptor (AR) and its coactivator PDEF, concomitant with reduced cell proliferation and PSA secretion, as well as the expression of NKX3.1 [87].